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Traveling through VIRGINIA , the oldest, largest and wealthiest
of the American colonies and the single most powerful influence
on the early United States, is a nonstop history lesson. Pretty
and rural it may be, but it's the past that predominates: wherever
you go you're pointed towards this or that painstakingly restored
two-hundred-year-old building, where something or other happened
a long time ago. The more you know about it all, the more rewarding
Virginia is to visit, but the historical plaques get a bit ridiculous
after a while, marking every spot where George Washington slept,
Thomas Jefferson thought, or Robert E. Lee tied his horse to
a tree. You can see why Disney chose northern Virginia as the
site of its proposed theme park of American history a few years
back; and you'll also soon realize that Virginia takes itself
a bit too seriously to allow such a project to get off the ground.
Virginia's recorded history began at Jamestown , just off the
Chesapeake Bay, with the establishment in 1607 of the first
successful British colony in North America. Though the first
colonists hoped to find gold, it was tobacco that made their
fortunes. The native strain - used for hundreds of years by
Virginia's indigenous population, of whom almost no trace remains
- was too strongly flavored for European tastes. When a smoother,
more palatable variety was introduced in 1615 by John Rolfe
- the same man whose shipwreck on Bermuda inspired Shakespeare's
The Tempest - tobacco quickly became the colony's major cash
crop. Before long, vast plantations, owned by a very few aristocratic
families, sprang up along the many broad rivers that flow into
Chesapeake Bay. To grow and harvest tobacco required both an
immense amount of land - so the Native Americans had to go -
and intensive labor which led to the plantation owners bringing
in slaves from Africa. By the end of the seventeenth century,
enslaved African Americans accounted for nearly half of the
colony's 75,000 people; a hundred years later, they numbered
over 300,000. Virginians had an enormous impact on the foundation
of the nascent United States: George Mason, Thomas Jefferson
and James Madison wrote the Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution, and four of the first five US presidents were
from Virginia. However, by the mid-1800s the state was in decline,
its once fertile fields depleted by overuse and its agrarian
economy increasingly eclipsed by the urban and industrialized
North.
As the confrontation between North and South over slavery and
related economic and political issues grew more divisive, Virginia
was caught in the middle. Though this slaveholding state initially
voted against secession from the Union, it joined the Confederacy
when the Civil War broke out, providing its capital, Richmond,
and its military leader, Robert E. Lee, who had previously turned
down an offer to lead the Union army. Four long years later,
Virginia was ravaged, its towns and cities wrecked, its farmlands
ruined and most of its youth dead. It has never regained its
early prosperity, or its prominence in national affairs.
Richmond itself was largely destroyed in the war; today it's
a small city, with some good museums, and is the best starting
point for seeing Virginia. The bulk of the colonial sites are
concentrated just to the east, in what is known as the Historic
Triangle . Here the remains of Jamestown , the original colony,
Williamsburg , the restored colonial capital, and Yorktown ,
site of the final battle of the Revolutionary War, lie within
half an hour's drive of each other. Another historic center,
Thomas Jefferson's Charlottesville , sits at the foot of the
gorgeous Blue Ridge Mountains , an hour west of Richmond. An
attractive small college town in its own right, it's also within
easy reach of the natural splendors of Shenandoah National Park
and the little towns of the western valleys. Northern Virginia
, often visited as a day-trip from Washington DC, features several
posh suburbs and a number of restored historic homes, the closest
colonial architecture to the capital in Alexandria , and Manassas
, the scene of two important Civil War battles.
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