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Settled in turn by Native Americans, Spaniards, Mexicans and
Yankees, NEW MEXICO is among the most ethnically and culturally
diverse of all the states in the US. Each successive group has
built upon the legacy of its predecessors; their various histories
and achievements are closely intertwined, and in some ways the
late-coming white Americans from the north and east have had
comparatively little impact. Signs of the region's rich heritage
are everywhere, from ancient pictographs and cliff dwellings
to the design of the state's license plates, taken from a Zia
Indian symbol for the sun - the one near-constant fact of life
in this arid land.
New Mexico's indigenous peoples - especially the Pueblo Indians
, as the name suggests clear descendants of the Ancestral Puebloans
- provide a sense of cultural continuity. Despite the Pueblo
Revolt of 1680, which forced a temporary Spanish withdrawal
into Mexico, the missionary endeavor here was in general less
brutal than elsewhere. The proselytizing padres eventually co-opted
the natives without destroying their traditional ways of life,
as local deities and celebrations were incorporated into Catholic
practice. Somewhat bizarrely to outsiders, grand churches still
stand at the center of many Pueblo settlements, often adjacent
to the underground ceremonial chambers known as kivas , and
almost always built in the local adobe style.
The Americans who took over from the Mexicans in 1848 saw New
Mexico as a useless wasteland. But for a few mining booms and
range wars - such as the Lincoln County War, which brought Billy
the Kid to fame - New Mexico was left relatively undisturbed
until it finally became a state in 1912. During World War II,
it was the base of operations for the top-secret Manhattan Project
, which built and detonated the first atomic bomb, and since
then it has been home to America's premier weapons research
outposts. By and large, people here work close to the land -
mining, farming and ranching - with tourism increasingly underpinning
the economy.
Northern New Mexico centers on the magnificent landscapes of
the Rio Grande Valley , which contains its two finest cities:
Santa Fe , the adobe-fronted capital, and the artists' colony
and winter resort of Taos , with its nearby pueblo. More than
a dozen Pueblo villages can be found in the mountainous area
between the two, while to the west lie the evocative ancient
ruins at Bandelier and Puyé . The broad swath of central
New Mexico along I-40 - the interstate highway that succeeded
the old Route 66 - pivots around the state's biggest city, Albuquerque
, with the extraordinary mesa-top Pueblo village of Ácoma
("Sky City") an hour's drive to the west. In wild
and wide-open southern New Mexico , the deep Carlsbad Caverns
are the main attraction, while you can still stumble upon old
mining and cattle-ranching towns that have somehow hung on since
the end of the Wild West.
For many visitors, the defining feature of New Mexico is its
adobe architecture , as seen on homes, churches, and even shopping
malls and motels. Adobe bricks are a sun-baked mixture of earth,
sand, charcoal and chopped grass or straw, set with a mortar
of much the same composition, and then plastered over with mud
and straw. The color of the soil used dictates the color of
the final building, and thus subtle variations can be seen all
across the state. However, adobe is a far from convenient material:
it needs replastering every few years and turns to mud when
water seeps up from the ground, so that many buildings have
to be sporadically raised and bolstered by the insertion of
rocks at their base. These days, most of what looks like adobe
is actually painted cement or concrete, but even this looks
attractive enough in its own semi-kitsch way, and hunting out
such superb old adobes as the remote Santuario de Chimayó
on the " High Road " between Taos and Santa Fe, the
formidable church of San Francisco de Asis in Ranchos de Taos,
or the multitiered dwellings of Taos Pueblo , can provide the
focus of an enjoyable New Mexico tour.
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